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Table 2 In vitro toxicological studies of NPs mediated autophagy

From: Nanomaterial-mediated autophagy: coexisting hazard and health benefits in biomedicine

NPs Size (nm) Coating Cell line Dose(ug/mL) Uptake Autophagy alteration Biological effects References
Fullerenol 2 bare porcine renal proximal cells 0.1, 1, 10 nM – induction of autophagy
autolysosome accumulation, LC3 ↑ 		mitochondrial membrane potential and ATP depletion, oxidative stress, cytoskeleton disruption, cell death [24]
SiNPs ∼58.4 ± 7.4 bare HepG2 cells 6.25, 12.5, 25, 50, 100 endocytose induction of autophagy and blockade of autophagic flux
autophagosome accumulation, LC3 ↑, P62 ↑ 		impaired the lysosomal function [29]
GO 500–800 bare PC12 cells 40,50,60 internalization blockage of the autophagic flux, p62 ↑ Impairment of lysosomal degradation Apoptosis [31]
CdTe-QDs 15 bare HEK cells 15, 30, 60 nM endocytosis induction of autophagy, LC3 ↑ ER autophagy, unfolded protein response [88]
Fe3O4 NPs 15 ~ 20 bare MCF-7 cells 100 endocytosis induction of autophagy autophagosome accumulation impair the function of the lysosome, mitochondrial damage, ER and Golgi stress [89]
GO-Ag NPs 15 bare SH-SY5Y cells 5 – induction of autophagy autophagosomes accumulation mitichondrial dysfunction, ROS, DNA fragmentation, apoptosis [137]
TiO2 NPs 15,50,100 bare HeLa cells 10,50,100,500 internalization blockage of the autophagic flux, LC3 ↑ lysosomal membrane permeabilization,
α-synuclein accumulation 		[139]
GQDs 3.28 ± 1.16 barre GC-2 cells
TM-4 cells 		100 – blockade of autophagic flux autophagosome accumulation p62 ↑ decreased the amount and enzymatic activity of cathepsin B, and inhibited lysosome proteolytic capacity [142]
AuNPs 10, 25, 50 bare NRK cells 1 nM endocytosis blockade of autophagic flux
autophagosome accumulation, LC3 ↑, p62 ↑ 		Impairment of lysosome degradation capacity, Lysosome alkalinization [146]
HA/β-Ga2O3:Cr3+ NPs – bare SH-SY5Y cells 1,5, 25, 50 – induction of autophagy,
LC3 ↑, SQSTM/p62 ↑ 		ROS, calpain activation and neuronal damage [150]
GCNs outer diameter of 79 ± 6.6, inner diameter of 7 ± 0.8 bare A549 cells 1, 10, 25, 50, 100 endocytosis blockage of autophagic flux
autolysosome accumulation 		ROS, cytoskeleton disruption, apoptosis [151]
SeNPs 80.0 ± 12.3 nm bare HCT 116 cells 2,5,10 μM endocytosis induction of autophagy,
Beclin 1 ↑ 		cell cycle arrest, apoptosis [154]
TiO2 NPs 22.07 ± 8.93 bare BEAS-2B cells 6.25, 12.5, 25 internalization induction of autophagy accumulation of autophagic vacuoles, LC3 ↑ overexpressed miR34a, mitochondrial dysfunction, cell death [158]
PU NPs 64.3 ± 0.8 Carboxyl macrophage cells 10,50 internalization Induction of autophagy Inhibition of inflammation and immune supression [159]
SPIONs 60–80 bare Raw264.7 cells
BMDMs 		10,20,50,100 endocytosis Induction of autophagy
autophagosomes accumulation,
LC3 ↑, ATG5 ↑ 		Inflammatory responses [160]
GO MGO:1089.9 ± 135.3
SGO: 390.2 ± 51.4
NGO:65.5 ± 16.3
GQDs:5 		bare HUVECs 1,5,10,25 internalization induction of autophagy,
LC3 ↑ p62 ↓ 		Apoptosis, Apoptotic cell death, ER stress [161]
127 ± 4.7 PEG. MCF7 cells MDA-MB-231 cells 4 – inhibition of autophagy,
LC3 ↓ 		apoptosis, suppressed Stathmin1 protein, decreases the microtubule instability, cancer cell death [162]
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Particle and Fibre Toxicology

ISSN: 1743-8977

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