Table 3 Possible therapies of NM-mediated autophagy
From: Nanomaterial-mediated autophagy: coexisting hazard and health benefits in biomedicine
| NPs | Size (nm) | Combined agent | Disease type | Target cells | Dose (ug/mL) | Animal models | Exposure method and time | Administration dose(mg/kg) | Autophagy alteration | Treatment effect | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UCNPs | – | bare | Atherosclerosis | foam cells | 8 | – | – | – | induction of autophagy LC3 ↑, beclin 1 ↑, P62 ↓ | ROS, enhanced the cholesterol efflux | [38] |
| SPIO NPs | 207 ± 3 | bare | Lung cancer | A549 cells | 1.75 mg/ml | Female Balb/c mice (4–6 weeks old) | intraperitoneal injection for 30 days | 225 μg magnetite equivalent | induction of autophagy |
in vitro: elevated ROS level, membrane damage, apoptosis in vivo: induced magnetic hyperthermia and antitumor | [96] |
| MWCNTs | 10 ~ 20 | bare | neurovascular disorders | – | – | Wistar rats | intraperitoneal injection for 14 days | 2.5 | induction of autophagy LC3 ↑, Beclin 1 ↑, P62↓ | impaire the congnitive ability of rats | [116] |
| Acid NPs | 102 ± 19 | PEG | Liver Cancer | HepG2 cells | 50 | C57BL/6 J mice (6 weeks old) | intravenous injection for 14 days | 10 |
induction of autophagy LC3 ↑ |
in vitro: apoptosis, autophagic cell death in vivo: tumor growth inhibition | [168] |
| SeNPs | ~ 240 | curcumin | Ehrlich s ascites carcinoma | HCT116 cells | 1,2,5,10,20 | Female Swiss albino mice |
decrease autophagy LC3 ↓, Beclin 1 ↓ |
In vitro: ROS production, MMP reduction in vivo: inhibition of tumor growth | [170] | ||
| Fe3O4NPs | 51.34 ± 14.71 | bare | Lung cancer | A549 cells | 100 | – | – | – |
induction of autophagy LC3 ↑ | ROS, mitochondrial damage necrosis, autophagic cell death | [200] |
| Fe3O4 NPs | 162.6 ± 15.6 | Chitosan | Stomach cancer | SGC7901, SGC7901/ADR cells | 10 | nude mice (5–6 weeks old) | intravenous injection for 28 days | 5 |
induction of autophagy LC3 ↑ | in vitro: mitochondrial dysfunction, excessive ROS, DNA damage, cell death in vivo: tumor growth inhibition | [201] |
| ZnO NPs | 50 | bare | oral cancer | CAL 27 cells | 25 | – | – | – | induction of autophagy LC3 ↑, Beclin 1 ↑, P62↓ | ROS, mitochondrial dysfunction, cell death | [202] |
| Ag NPs | 26.5 ± 8.4 | bare | melanoma | HeLa cells | 2,5,10,15,20 | Male C57BL/ 6 mice (6–8 weeks old) | subcutaneous injection for 4 days | 1.5 |
induction of autophagy autophagosome accumulation |
in vitro: inhibition of apoptosis in vivo: promote tumor growth | [203] |
| CuS NPs | – | bare | Prostate Cancer | RWPE-1 cells | 80,120,160 | nude male mice (4–8 weeks old) | intraperitoneal injection for 3 weeks | 120(μg/ml) |
Autophagy blockage LC3 ↑ |
In vitro: autophagosome accumulation In vivo: inhibit prostate tumor growth with NIR-light | [204] |
| Lactoferrin nanostructures | 137.0 ± 33.65 | bare | AD | PC12 cells | 10uM | Wistar rats | intraperitoneal injection for 7 days | 5 |
induction of autophagy Atgs ↑, LC3 ↑ | in vitro: apoptosis inhibition, neuroprotective effect in vivo: improved spatial memory and learning | [205] |
| C60 fullerene | – | PEG | AD | Neuro-2A cells | 10uM | – | – | – |
induction of autophagy LC3 ↑ | apoptosis inhibition, cell survival, neuroprotective effect | [206] |
| CuS NPs | 11 ± 2.6 | bare | Atherosclerosis | VSMCs | 0.4 |
male mice (6–8 weeks old) | intragastric administration for 12 weeks | 10 |
induction of autophagy LC3 ↑ | in vitro: reduced VSMC foam cell formation, enhanced cholesterol efflux in vivo: inhibition of VSMC foam cell formation and attenuation of atherosclerotic lesion in mice | [207] |
| Fum-PD NPs | 252 | bare | Arthritis | SEVC4 | 20 nM |
male C57BL/6 mice (6–8 weeks old) | intravenous injection for 9 days | 0.3 | induction of autophagy LC3 ↑, LAMP-1 ↑, p62↓ | in vitro: enhanced NO production, inhibited inflammation in vivo: inflammatory response and inflammatory | [208] |