The combined effect of food additive titanium dioxide and lipopolysaccharide on mouse intestinal barrier function after chronic exposure of titanium dioxide-contained feedstuffs

Table 1 The dispersion state of TiO₂ particles in ultrapure water, artificial gastric/intestinal juice (AGJ/AIJ)

Material	Ultrapure water			AGJ			AIJ
Material	Hydrodynamic diameter(nm)	PDI	Zeta-potential(mV)	Hydrodynamic diameter(nm)	PDI	Zeta-potential(mV)	Hydrodynamic diameter(nm)	PDI	Zeta-potential(mV)
TiO₂ NPs ^a	942.6±319.8	0.90±0.11	−18.37±1.04	1350±248.95	0.99±0.02	2.37±0.92	805.3±265.0	0.83±0.17	−23.67±1.68
TiO₂ MPs ^a	1071.9±128.7	0.95±0.08	−15.37±0.35	1497±366.38	1.00±0.00	2.15±0.99	1194.3±183.6	0.99±0.02	−13.53±0.45
TiO₂ NPs-mixed feed	NT	NT	NT	1560.7±561.9^b	0.97±0.05^b	−3.17±0.26^b	348.2±54.8^c	0.47±0.10^c	−6.48±1.34^c
TiO₂ MPs-mixed feed	NT	NT	NT	1636.4±722.8^b	0.97±0.09^b	−0.92±1.22^b	670.3±286.0^c	0.79±0.18^c	−13.03±2.03^c

Notes. a: Hydrodynamic diameters, PDI and zeta potential of TiO₂ particles after being suspended in ultrapure water, AGJ or AIJ (the final test concentration is 0.5 mg/mL) respectively. b: Hydrodynamic diameters, PDI and zeta potential of particles was tested after TiO₂ NPs or TiO₂ MPs-mixed feed being digested in AGJ for 2 h (The final test dose is 0.25 mg/mL TiO₂). c: Hydrodynamic diameters, PDI and zeta potential of particles was tested after TiO₂ NPs or TiO₂ MPs-mixed feed being digested in AGJ for 2 h followed by further digestion in AIJ for 2.5 h (The final test dose is 0.125 mg/mL TiO₂). NT:no test; PDI: polydispersity index

ISSN: 1743-8977